Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a key technology for enabling the Internet of Things (IoT), facilitating data collection and monitoring across diverse applications. For battery-powered IoT deployments, extending the operational range of WSNs is crucial to minimize maintenance requirements and coverage gaps. This necessitates the exp

A significant trend in environmental monitoring involves the deployment of distributed sensor networks to collect crucial data on ecological indicators. LoRaWAN, a long-range, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology, has emerged as a particularly effective solution for this purpose due to its ability to support broad sensor deployments with